By 1000 CE, an array of small settlements dotted the East African coast, mostly Bantu-speaking groups such as the Mijikenda and Bajun, along with Cushitic-speaking pastoralists from the North. These groups were at times fragmented or isolated, and at other times conglomerated in complex political alliances. Beginning over one thousand years ago, merchants, missionaries, and migrants traveled great distances through the monsoon winds that blew back and forth across the Indian Ocean. They moved people, ideas, and goods in a triangular circuit linking East Africa, the Arabian Peninsula, Persia, India, Indonesia, and China. The cosmopolitan maritime society that emerged from this system established significant port cities by the fifteenth century, and by the eighteenth century a Swahili urban archipelago stretched from Tanzania to Somalia.
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