New Orleans was forged at the crossroad of empires. The Chitimacha and Natchez people originally occupied the area, subsisting through fishing in the rich estuarial waters. French colonists founded La Nouvelle Orleans in 1718, and while the French Empire ceded their Mississippi territory to the Spanish in 1763, the area remained culturally francophone. Colonists brought enslaved people to the region, both directly from West Africa and from Haiti, to provide labor for agriculture and town building. French, African, and Native people intermixed over the course of two centuries to create a unique, though racially differentiated, culture. This culture is evident in the architecture and landscape of the region, from elite civic and religious spaces to the ordinary homes of the Creole city. By the 1840s and 1850s, New Orleans emerged as the major southern port for the importation of goods from Central and South America. Still, the assertion of control over the city by the United States was a rough, multifaceted, and long-term process that would challenge the city's complex Creole culture in profound ways.
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