The introduction of European horses and firearms in the eighteenth century helped transform Plains Indian society from sedentary to semi-nomadic. The tipi, formerly used for temporary hunting expeditions and carried by dogs, became the primary abode for families during the year and in annual summer tribal gatherings that accommodated several hundred tipis. Horses transported the new, larger tipis, which were adaptable to divergent climates. Women and men had clear roles in tipi construction and transportation. The Niitsitapi or Siksikaitsitap (Blackfoot) of Canada and Montana built the largest Plains tipis. Status and cosmic directions determined tipi directional orientation, camp plan, and residents’ places in tipis. The tipi plan parallels medicine wheels, and special-purpose structures, such as the Sun Dance lodge, were adapted from the basic tipi plan.
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