Swahili merchant families built considerable fortunes trading goods via the Indian Ocean. They exported ivory, spices, carved wood furniture, ebony, coconut oil, and tortoise shell, and in turn imported silk, rugs, textiles, and other goods from as far as Persia, Goa, and Sri Lanka. Chinese beadwork and plate ware have been found at numerous archaeological sites, indicating connections to the Silk Road. Wealth accumulation through trade sparked the increased use of resource- and labor-intensive stone in construction, first for mosques, then for civic and commercial buildings, and eventually for merchant homes. Meanwhile, successive European and Middle Eastern powers sought control over the trading routes plied by the Swahili. These incursions brought a range of influential architectural and city-building practices.
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