Between the eighteenth and early twentieth centuries the 'classic' Swahili Stone Town landscape emerged. However, against the many claims that this landscape derives from a uniform imposition of 'Arabic' architectural and urban forms, it is far more accurate to approach the Swahili town as a series of experiments, innovations, amalgams, and contingent developments. The renowned 'Stone House,' for example, has been shown to be a variant of the much older makuti house. The urban form of Stone Town does not follow a prescribed Arab pattern; rather, it reflects the piecemeal development of kinship-based clusters of homes built around an access path. The artisanal and merchant shops that line most waterfronts are largely Gujarati in origin, with production and commerce on the ground floors and residents above. Working-class and poor families continued to live in 'makuti' (thatch) houses on the periphery of the Stone Town. Meanwhile, variant forms of Islam compete for influence through the design and construction of mosques and madrasas in the different precincts of the Swahili town.
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